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"A new work based upon Ernest R. Groves' An introduction to sociology first published in 1928 and revised in 1932."

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General study of China - covers historical and geographical aspects, sociological aspects, languages, the social structure, living conditions, education, religion, political aspects, the economy, government policy, armed forces organisation, etc. Bibliography pp. 631 to 650, and maps.

Social structure.

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We introduce the concept of a triad census of a digraph arid show how it can be used to enumerate various types of subgraph configurations. We give the basic probabilities needed for computing means and variances for a triad census under the U-MAN distribution for digraphs. These concepts are combined to provide a way of testing propositions about social structure using sociometric data. An application to 408 sociograms is given.

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Welche Relevanz hat Geschlecht als strukturierendes und strukturiertes Merkmal innerhalb der gegenwärtigen Verhältnisse? Die AutorInnen - unzufrieden mit dem wissenschaftlichen Status quo - beleben diese Diskussion und führen sie in neue Gedankenregionen. Der Begriff der Struktur verweist auf gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse und Institutionen und lenkt den Fokus auf Ungleichheitslagen, immer in Bezug auf gesellschaftliche und institutionelle (Geschlechter-)Verhältnisse. Dahingehend bezieht sich der Begriff des Subjektes auf Handlungen und nimmt damit stärker die Individuen in den Blick. Essenzielle Frage dabei ist: Welche Relevanz hat Ge - schlecht als strukturierendes und strukturiertes Merkmal innerhalb der aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse, Strukturen und Normen? Neben theoretischen Beiträgen zu bereits etablierten subjekt- und strukturtheoretischen Überlegungen konzentrieren sich andere AutorInnen auf forschungspraktische Wendungen der Theoriekonzepte konzentrieren. Der Band hat den Anspruch, eine dialektische Verschränkung von individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Strukturierungsprozessen in Bezug auf Geschlecht zu erfassen.

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High-accuracy continuous measurements of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) during the BARCA (Balanc¸o Atmosfe´rico Regional de Carbono na Amazo^nia) phase B campaign in Brazil in May 2009 were accomplished using a newly available analyzer based on the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. This analyzer was flown without a drying system or any in-flight calibration gases. Water vapor corrections associated with dilution and pressure-broadening effects for CO2 and CH4 were derived from laboratory experiments employing measurements of water vapor by the CRDS analyzer. Before the campaign, the stability of the analyzer was assessed by laboratory tests under simulated flight conditions. During the campaign, a comparison of CO2 measurements between the CRDS analyzer and a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer on board the same aircraft showed a mean difference of 0.22±0.09 ppm for all flights over the Amazon rain forest. At the end of the campaign, CO2 concentrations of the synthetic calibration gases used by the NDIR analyzer were determined by the CRDS analyzer. After correcting for the isotope and the pressure-broadening effects that resulted from changes of the composition of synthetic vs. ambient air, and applying those concentrations as calibrated values of the calibration gases to reprocess the CO2 measurements made by the NDIR, the mean difference between the CRDS and the NDIR during BARCA was reduced to 0.05±0.09 ppm, with the mean standard deviation of 0.23±0.05 ppm. The results clearly show that the CRDS is sufficiently stable to be used in flight without drying the air or calibrating in flight and the water corrections are fully adequate for high-accuracy continuous airborne measurements of CO2 and CH4.

Social structure. --- Social structure --- History.